«Gramajo, Maria C. c/Domingo Angel s/ejecutivo», Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Comercial, 19/02/15
SUMARIO.- Corresponde rechazar la apelación interpuesta por el demandado el cual insiste en torno de su defensa basada en las excepciones de falsedad e inhabilidad de título que opuso alegando que el pagaré en ejecución (que expresó haberlo suscripto en blanco) ha sido adulterado, en tanto, el debate acerca de la configuración de un presunto abuso de firma en blanco no resulta admisible en el juicio ejecutivo, ya que su comprobación necesariamente traería aparejado el conocimiento de la causa de la obligación, cuestión que resulta improcedente a la luz de lo prescripto en el art. 544 del C.P.C.C.N.
Fallo completo
Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Comercial – Sala C
Buenos Aires, 19 de febrero de 2015.-
I.- Viene apelada por el demandado la resolución de fs. 183/7. El memorial obra a fs. 191, en tanto fue contestado a fs. 193.
II.- El recurrente insiste en torno de su defensa basada en las excepciones de falsedad e inhabilidad de título que opuso a fs. 122 vta./123 y que amplió mediante el escrito de fs. 138/9.
Las dos excepciones se muestran promiscuamente alegadas por el demandado, quien ha sostenido que el pagaré en ejecución –que expresó haberlo suscripto en blanco- ha sido falsificado y, por lo tanto, resulta inhábil como sustento de este proceso (v. fs. 138 vta.).
Agregó a ello una explicación acerca de las circunstancias que habrían rodeado a la firma del instrumento.
Al respecto, sostuvo que lo firmó como garantía de una propuesta para obtener una concesión en el Servicio Penitenciario Federal.
Todo cuanto concierna a la causa de la emisión del pagaré no es factible de ser indagado o decidido en este juicio, lo mismo que la explicación que efectuó el demandado al describir cierta situación de abuso provocada por quien habría completado el pagaré, luego de firmado.
El debate acerca de la configuración de un presunto abuso de firma en blanco no resulta, como principio, admisible en este juicio, ya que su comprobación necesariamente traería aparejado el conocimiento de la causa de la obligación, cuestión que resulta improcedente a la luz de lo prescripto en el art. 544 del Cód. Proc., tal como admite el propio apelante (v. J. Ramiro Podetti: «Tratado de las ejecuciones», Ediar, Bs. As., 1997, pág. 290).
En relación con los aspectos susceptibles de ser examinados en autos, conviene poner de relieve que, según el informe conclusivo del peritaje caligráfico llevado adelante en estas actuaciones, la firma del pagaré pertenece al demandado (v. fs. 174 vta.).
Así las cosas, queda por analizar la incidencia en la cuestión recursiva de los señalamientos que ha efectuado la perito calígrafa sobre el contenido del pagaré y que el recurrente alega en su memorial: diferentes tipos de tinta entre la firma y el texto, no se puede determinar la contemporaneidad existente entre la firma y el texto, enmienda en la fecha de vencimiento del pagaré consignada en el margen superior derecho del instrumento.
La diferencia de tinta entre firma y texto no predica con certeza, por sí misma, que una persona distinta al firmante hubiese completado el pagaré suscripto en blanco.
En todo caso, la mencionada diferencia de tinta sólo podría entenderse alegada por el recurrente para justificar su aseveración de que otra persona completó abusivamente el pagaré, y ello redundaría en ingresar en el estudio de aspectos que no pueden ser indagados en este juicio.
Igual apreciación cabe respecto de la imposibilidad de acreditar la contemporaneidad de la firma y llenado del instrumento.
Siguiendo la línea argumental contenida en la expresión de agravios, restaría decir que la enmienda que se ve a simple vista en el año del vencimiento que se lee en el margen superior derecho del instrumento –donde parece decirse «2008» enmendando con sobretrazado inscripciones anteriores- tampoco conduce a revertir la admisión de la demanda.
Aun aceptando que existió un cambio en la mención con números del año de vencimiento, igualmente habría que partir en autos de que el pagaré venció en 2008, toda vez que tal es el año que aparece escrito en la parte central del pagaré.
Ese extremo es aspecto del título que ha quedado fuera de duda sobre su autenticidad, al menos en lo que es factible en el sub lite, por lo que la invocación de una alteración del año en números es una inconsecuencia y, como se la alega para justificar un abuso, llevaría otra vez a examinar las circunstancias que dieron lugar a la emisión del título.
Dentro, pues, de las posibilidades que permite un juicio como éste, el título firmado por el aquí excepcionante aparece completo y hábil para su ejecución en los términos de los arts. 520 y 531 del Cód. Procesal (v. copia de fs. 5, y original en el sobre con documentación reservada, que se ha requerido a los fines de este pronunciamiento).
La Sala no desconoce que el contexto de autos –particularmente la narración del demandado en torno de las circunstancias del libramiento del pagaré- podrían llevar a pensar en la posibilidad de un proceder ilegítimo en ocasión de su suscripción.
Pero tales elementos por sí solos no son suficientes para desvirtuar en estas actuaciones la habilidad ejecutiva antedicha, considerando que el demandado admitió haber firmado el cartular.
Por otra parte, a pesar de su narración, se advierte que el mismo no actuó la vía penal correspondiente.
En tales condiciones, sin perjuicio de lo que, en su caso, corresponda decidir en el contexto de la vía revisora que autoriza el art. 553 del Cód. Procesal, corresponde mantener la sentencia apelada.
Lo anterior no implica anticipar temperamento acerca de lo que tenga que decidirse en la quiebra del demandado, en oportunidad del respectivo pedido de admisión al pasivo.- III. Por ello, se RESUELVE: rechazar la apelación y confirmar la resolución de fs. 183/7.
Con costas a cargo de la parte apelante (conf. art. 558 del Cód. Proc.).
Notifíquese por Secretaría.- Devueltas que sean las cédulas debidamente notificadas, vuelva el expediente a la Sala a fin de dar cumplimiento a la comunicación ordenada por el art. 4° de la Acordada de la Excma. Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación 15/13, del 21.5.2013.
Hecho, devuélvase al Juzgado de primera instancia con la documentación venida en vista.
Eduardo R. Machin – Julia Villanueva – Juan R. Garibotto
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