Incumplimiento de los deberes de asistencia familiar. Prescripción de la acción penal. Privación de la libertad. Interrupción de la acción.
En el caso, corresponde confirmar la decisión del Juez de Grado que rechazó la excepción de prescripción opuesta por la Defensa.
En efecto, con el grado provisorio de los juicios fácticos que pueden realizarse en esta etapa anterior al juicio, no puede descartarse que el incumplimiento de los deberes de asistencia familiar enrostrada al encausado hayan continuado durante el tiempo en los que el referido estuvo privado de su libertad.
El hecho de que el encausado se encontrase detenido no lo exime de su obligación de cumplir con sus deberes de asistencia familiar, máxime cuando de los informes del Servicio Penitenciario Federal surge que el imputado había realizado tareas remuneradas dentro del establecimiento de detención, por lo tanto disponía de cierto dinero como para hacer frente a parte de sus obligaciones para con sus hijos, cosa que nunca hizo.
Es más, no sólo omitió cumplir con dichas responsabilidades sino que puso el dinero a disposición de su actual pareja.
Ello así, el sustrato fáctico sobre la base de la cual la Defensa pretende que se inicie el cómputo del plazo de prescripción no puede tenerse por acreditado y constituye necesariamente una cuestión de hecho y prueba que debe dilucidarse en la audiencia de juicio, máxime cuando existen elementos que permiten negar “prima facie” su configuración.
El delito de incumplimiento de los deberes de asistencia familiar es un delito de peligro abstracto, en el que basta con que el autor se sustraiga de prestar los medios indispensables para la subsistencia, no requiere que la víctima sufra una efectiva carencia o que caiga en una situación de peligro concreto de experimentar un efectivo estado de necesidad de esos medios.
El plazo de prescripción en los delitos de incumplimiento de los deberes de asistencia familiar empieza a correr desde su cesacción.
En efecto, “la mayor parte de la doctrina afirma que es un delito de carácter permanente. Por consiguiente su consumación se prolonga en el tiempo, a partir del comienzo de la omisión dolosa del obligado a la prestación alimentaria, y solo se interrumpe por el cumplimiento del deber, por falta de poder económico para hacerlo, por cesar la obligación por imperio legal, es decir, la circunstancia de haber cumplido el menor 18 años de edad o, si tiene más, cesado su incapacidad. El estado de consumación es susceptible de prolongarse mientras la obligación continúe sin cumplirse” (Código Penal, comentado y anotado, director Andrés D´Alessio, Tomo III, pág. 141,. Bs. As., La Ley, 2da edic. actualizada, 2013).
Así las cosas, entra en juego el artículo 63 del Código Penal en cuanto dispone que, dado su carácter permanente, en este tipo de delitos, el curso de la prescripción de la acción empezará a correr desde su cesación.
Cámara de Apelaciones Penal, Contravencional y de Faltas. Causa Nro.: 22071-01-CC-12. Autos: B. A., R. V. Sala I. Del voto de Dr. Marcelo P. Vázquez, Dra. Elizabeth Marum, Dr. Pablo Bacigalupo. 04-06-2015.
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Fuente: Departamento de Biblioteca y Jurisprudencia del Consejo de la Magistratura de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. El contenido puede ser reproducido libremente, y no genera responsabilidad por ello, bajo condición de mencionar la fuente y esta advertencia.
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