La decisión de un juez de Río Cuarto posibilita que la inflación no termine diezmando las acreencias de los trabajadores.
En la sentencia pronunciada en el marco de la quiebra de una empresa, se extendió el privilegio reconocido a los intereses derivados de los créditos laborales más allá de los dos años establecidos por la Ley de Concursos y Quiebras (LCQ). Lo resuelto por el juez en lo Civil y Comercial y de Familia de 3º Nominación de Río Cuarto, Rolando Guadgna, con base en el Convenio n.º 173 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), posibilita que los efectos de la inflación no terminen licuando parte importante de las acreencias de los trabajadores durante el tiempo que insume el proceso judicial vinculado con la quiebra de la firma empleadora.
Para mantener la integridad de la indemnización reconocida a los trabajadores, el magistrado invocó el criterio sostenido en 2014 por la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación (causa “Pinturas y Revestimientos Aplicados S.A. s/ quiebra”), con el fin de aplicar al caso “el Convenio n.º 173 de la OIT, sobre la protección de los créditos laborales en caso de insolvencia del empleador, ratificado por Ley 24285”.
El juez esgrimió que, por medio de dicho convenio internacional, “se brinda una protección especial a los trabajadores y se les reconoce el derecho en orden al cobro íntegro de su crédito”. En la misma dirección, agregó que, tal como sostiene la Corte Suprema, “un tratado constitucionalizado es una norma ‘supralegal’; es decir, derecho vigente a tenor de los arts. 75, inc. 22, y 23 de la Constitución Nacional”.
Asimismo, el Dr. Guadgna argumentó que el instrumento de la OIT enumera los rubros laborales que, al menos, deben quedar protegidos. “Nótese que el Convenio de la OIT incorpora la expresión ‘al menos’, por lo que deja abierta la posibilidad de extender el privilegio a otras acreencias laborales, entre las que podrían encontrarse los intereses peticionados, especialmente si se considera que dichos intereses apenas alcanzan, dado el transcurso del tiempo, para compensar la pérdida del poder adquisitivo de nuestra moneda”, afirmó.
El magistrado insistió en el mismo concepto. “La perversa combinación del flagelo de la inflación (que reduce persistentemente el poder adquisitivo de nuestra moneda), los tiempos que insumen los procesos judiciales, la prohibición legal de indexar (que impone utilizar otros mecanismos –como los intereses- para mantener a valores constantes las indemnizaciones reconocidas por sentencias firmes) han llevado, en este caso, a que una proporción significativa (más del 75%) de lo peticionado corresponda a ‘intereses’”, subrayó.
Necesidad de una fuerte protección
Seguidamente, el Dr. Guadgana volvió a ponderar la importancia de minimizar el impacto de la inflación sobre los intereses derivados de los créditos laborales. “Contextualizada la sentencia y su cumplimiento, queda de manifiesto que, aun computando los intereses en su totalidad, los trabajadores obtendrían una mínima porción (aproximadamente un 6%) por encima del valor -a moneda constante- de los salarios e indemnizaciones reconocidos por sentencias laborales firmes, y que, por lo tanto, podrían quedar fuera de la protección fuerte que el Convenio n.° 173 de la OIT prescribe para las acreencias laborales”, manifestó.
Como consecuencia, el magistrado expresó que, en relación con el reconocimiento de los intereses de créditos laborales en el pasivo de la empresa quebrada, “debe limitarse la extensión del privilegio y no incluir los ‘intereses puros’, que ascienden al 6% anual, y solo respecto de este porcentaje corresponde considerar a los créditos como quirografarios (comunes)”.
“El resto de los ‘intereses’ reconocidos en las sentencias laborales constituye, en realidad, un mecanismo para compensar al acreedor por la pérdida del poder adquisitivo de la moneda y, de esa manera, mantener incólume su capital. Por lo tanto, no pueden ser privados de privilegio para el cobro sin afectar las garantías del bloque de constitucionalidad, por lo que corresponde reconocerlos con el privilegio (especial) correspondiente”, concluyó el juez.
Fecha: 28 de marzo de 2016.
Causa: «Mensa, Marcelo Alejandro – Quiebra pedida”.
Fuente: www.justiciacordoba.gob.ar
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