D., S. y Otra s/Recurso de Casación, Cámara Federal de Casación Penal – Sala II, 9 de octubre de 2015.
Se resolvió hacer lugar al recurso de casación interpuesto por el representante del Ministerio Público Fiscal contra la sentencia que había dispuesto la suspensión del juicio a prueba por el término de tres años, dictada en el marco de una causa en la que se imputó a un hombre haber causado lesiones a quien fuera su pareja, en tanto el fiscal recurrente alegó que los hechos podrían configurar un supuesto de violencia de género, considerando adecuado mantener viva la acción penal debido a la gravedad de los hechos y a la posibilidad de ampliar la acusación, por lo que las razones brindadas para oponerse a la concesión del instituto se encuentran adecuadamente fundadas, máxime cuando el consentimiento del fiscal constituye un requisito para la concesión del instituto en cuestión (art. 76 bis del Cód. Penal).
Texto completo del fallo
Buenos Aires, 9 de Octubre de 2015.-
La Dra. Angela E. Ledesma dijo:
I.- Llega la causa a conocimiento de este Tribunal en virtud del recurso de casación interpuesto a fs. 476/494 por el representante del Ministerio Público Fiscal contra la sentencia de fecha 4 de junio de 2014 dictada por el Tribunal Oral en lo Criminal nro. 20 que suspendió el juicio a prueba por el término de tres años en relación a C. B. R..
El recurso fue admitido a fs. 495/496 y mantenido a fs. 500.
Con fecha 22 de septiembre del corriente año se celebró la audiencia que prevé el art. 488, CPPN, y la causa quedó en condiciones de ser resuelta.
II.- Con invocación del art. 456 inc. 1 del CPPN, el recurrente se agravió de que los jueces concedieran la suspensión del juicio a prueba cuando el Ministerio Público Fiscal no había prestado su consentimiento.
Sostuvo que la ausencia del consentimiento fiscal impide la procedencia del instituto y citó jurisprudencia afín a su posición.
Precisó que la oposición se fundó en la necesidad de realizar el juicio para determinar el contexto de los hechos pues podrían configurar un supuesto de violencia de género, de acuerdo a los postulados que consagra la Convención Belem do Pará.
Hizo reserva del caso federal.
III.- a. En el caso, se imputa a C. R. el haber causado lesiones leves, junto con S. D., a quien fuera la pareja de él, A. R. P.. Al respecto, el fiscal alegó expresamente que los hechos podrían configurar un supuesto de violencia de género.
b. El representante de la vindicta pública en oportunidad de celebrar la audiencia prevista en el art. 293 del Código Procesal Penal de la Nación (fs. 452/453) se opuso a la concesión del beneficio por la gravedad de los hechos atribuidos a la procesada y alegó la necesidad de un mayor conocimiento de los mismos.
Ahora bien, interesa precisar que el contenido del dictamen del órgano acusador responde a un análisis de oportunidad sobre la prosecución de la acción en el caso concreto.
En esta línea, Bovino anota que “la opinión del fiscal -su ‘consentimiento’- se debe limitar a la formulación de un juicio de conveniencia y oportunidad político-criminal, en un caso concreto acerca de la continuación o suspensión de la persecución penal… El juicio de oportunidad del acusador acerca de la conveniencia de suspender el procedimiento, por otro lado, se debe limitar a las razones político-criminales que el ministerio público puede legítimamente tener en cuenta para tomar su decisión. Esto implica una doble exigencia: a) se debe tratar de razones político-criminales referidas a la conveniencia de la persecución respecto a este caso en particular; y b) esas razones deben ser razones que, según el ordenamiento jurídico, puedan ser tomadas en cuenta para una decisión de ese carácter…” (Bovino, Alberto, “La suspensión del procedimiento penal a prueba en el Código Penal argentino”, Del Puerto, Buenos Aires, 2005, pág. 160/161).
Y que “si el fiscal se opone a la concesión de la medida por razones legítimas de política criminal vinculadas al caso, la decisión del acusador no puede ser cuestionada por el tribunal, y, en consecuencia, impide la suspensión del procedimiento en ese caso concreto. Ello pues la discreción reconocida legalmente ha sido atribuida, inequívocamente, al titular de la acción penal estatal: el ministerio público” (op. cit., págs. 161/162)
En este caso, el órgano acusador consideró adecuado mantener viva la acción penal respecto de R., alegando la gravedad de los hechos; la cantidad de intervinientes, la posibilidad de ampliar la acusación y la vinculación de los sucesos con el co-imputado.
Así, entiendo que las razones brindadas por el fiscal al oponerse a la concesión del instituto se encuentran adecuadamente fundadas y precisamente constituyen un juicio de oportunidad sostenido en razones de política criminal vinculadas con el caso concreto.
En suma, el consentimiento fiscal para la concesión del instituto bajo examen constituye un requisito para su procedencia (artículo 76 bis, cuarto párrafo del CP) que en este caso se encuentra ausente y, por ende, sella la suerte de las objeciones formuladas.
En virtud de los argumentos expuestos, propongo al acuerdo hacer lugar, sin costas, al recurso deducido por el Ministerio Público Fiscal, anular el decisorio impugnado y remitir las actuaciones a su origen a fin de que se continúe con el trámite de las actuaciones (arts. 456, 470, 532 y cc. Del CPPN).
Tal es mi voto.
El Dr. Pedro R. David dijo:
Que adhiere al voto de la doctora Ledesma.
El Dr. Alejandro W. Slokar dijo:
Que adhiere al voto de la doctora Ledesma.
En mérito al resultado de la votación, el Tribunal, por unanimidad RESUELVE:
HACER LUGAR, sin costas, al recurso deducido por el Ministerio Público Fiscal, ANULAR el decisorio impugnado y REMITIR las actuaciones a su origen
a fin de que se continúe con el trámite de las actuaciones (arts. 456, 470, 532 y cc. Del CPPN).
Regístrese, hágase saber, comuníquese y cúmplase con la remisión dispuesta, sirviendo la presente de muy atenta nota de envío.
Angela Ester Ledesma – Alejandro W. Slokar
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