SUMARIO. Tenencia del hijo menor a favor del padre teniendo en cuenta el interés del menor y necesidades específicas originadas en la individualidad del niño. La Sala I de la Cámara de Apelaciones en lo Civil, Comercial y Minería de la provincia de San Juan consideró que la manifestación de voluntad de un menor invocando su preferencia por mantener la convivencia con su padre, debe ser tenida en cuenta a fin de otorgarle su tenencia a éste. Entre los fundamentos de la decisión del Tribunal, se encuentra el hecho de que los informes de los expertos demuestran que el niño tiene un grado de madurez suficiente y que no se constatan signos ni indicios de haber sido manipulado en su voluntad, concluyéndose que su consentimiento es libre y con pleno conocimiento de los factores positivos y negativos de su decisión. Por otro lado, además de la marcada preferencia del menor por convivir con su padre, las constancias de la causa muestran que es con este progenitor con quien el menor encuentra un ámbito familiar más propicio para su desarrollo físico y espiritual. En este último aspecto, se pondera especialmente que, encontrándose el menor transitando la etapa de la adolescencia, el permanente contacto con su padre le posibilita adquirir imágenes, hábitos, ejemplos, etc. que se consideran fundamentales para la formación de su personalidad. Sin perjuicio de todo ello, el fallo deja en claro que la atribución de la tenencia o guarda de los hijos a uno de los progenitores no implica descalificar la tarea que desarrolló o pudiera desarrollar el otro padre y la elección del progenitor a quien resulta conveniente otorgar la guarda de los menores no supone un juicio de valor sobre el otro, en tanto la legislación vigente da prioridad fundamental al interés del menor.
“A.V.E.M. c. O.G.M.”, Cámara de Apelaciones en lo Civil, Comercial y Minería de San Juan, Sala I, 5/6/2012.
Texto completo del fallo
San Juan, junio 5 de 2012.
CONSIDERANDO:
Las decisiones sobre tenencia reconocen como principio básico salvaguardar el interés del menor y en la determinación de tal interés gravitan esencialmente las necesidades originadas en sus particulares características psico-físicas, disposiciones, aptitudes y requerimientos.
Es decir, el sistema que ha de regular la relación del padre y de la madre con sus hijos después de la separación, no sólo depende de la voluntad de los progenitores sino que deben evaluarse igualmente las demandas específicas originadas en la individualidad del niño.
En este esquema, la actuación de los padres no constituye únicamente “un dar”, sino que la personalidad del menor conforma aquella actuación en una interrelación donde resulta decisivo el estímulo a la cooperación del hijo que, naturalmente, tomará formas distintas en cada etapa de su desarrollo.
Deben los padres, en aras del bienestar del niño, de su interés y con el cargo que impone una maternidad y paternidad responsable, realizar lo posible más allá de los motivos de su distanciamiento como pareja, que el niño disfrute de la compañía de ambos padres, conforme a los roles que a cada uno corresponde, lo que incidirá en su seguridad relaciones parentales y sociales que harán a su formación integral, conforme lo dispone el instituto de la Patria Potestad en el art. 264 del C. Civil, al destacar los derechos y deberes que implica.
Es decir que estando en juego el presente y futuro de D. el actuar de los padres no puede eludir lo que resulta necesario durante el transcurso de su niñez y adolescencia para llegar a su madurez. Jorge O. Azpiri en su obra: “Derecho de Familia” destaca que “es de desear que el conflicto de los padres no se traslade a los hijos o que repercuta sobre ellos en la menor medida posible”. A su turno Jorge A. Mazzinghi refiere que “el padre excluido de la tenencia ni el hijo o hijos comunes pueden quedar privados del derecho que recíprocamente tienen a mantener un contacto intimo a conservar entre sí la unión más plena que las circunstancias permitan. Que la integridad de la relación paterno-materno filial debe ser mantenida en cuanto sea posible para que el padre o la madre no se vean privados de cumplir su misión de educar al hijo, y para que éste solo padezca en la medida indispensable el alejamiento de aquellos.
Este es el problema que se procura resolver con el reconocimiento del derecho de visitas que deberán ser regulados de modo que los aportes afectivos y formativos del padre y de la madre, diferentes e insustituibles, lleguen a los hijos con toda la amplitud posible, Dicho derecho tiene su fundamento en el derecho natural y así lo admite una orientación invariable de la jurisprudencia y la doctrina que lo reconocen sin retaceos” (Tratado de Derecho de Familia – T. 3 La Ley).
De confrontar las constancias obrante en autos, tales como el acta de fs. 39, el informe de la psicopedagoga y psicóloga de fs. 54/55, el de la trabajadora social de fs. 71 y la opinión de la Sra. Asesora Letrada de Menores, surge una nítida preferencia del niño por mantener la convivencia con su padre, encontrándose en un ámbito familiar propicio para su desarrollo físico y espiritual. Si a ello le sumamos que, D. se encuentra en la etapa de la adolescencia, en la cual el contacto con su padre y su rol, permiten innegablemente la adopción de una constelación de hechos imágenes, hábitos y efectos, que aparecen como fundamentales para la formación de su personalidad.
De los informes de los expertos (psicóloga y psicopedagoga), se advierte en D., un niño con un grado de madurez suficiente, y no se han advertido signos de manipulación, pudiendo decirse que, el consentimiento prestado para su radicación con el padre, es libre y con una base de conocimiento sobre los factores positivos y negativos que tal decisión conlleva.
Sin perjuicio de lo expuesto, debemos apuntar finalmente, que la atribución de la tenencia o guarda de los hijos a uno de los progenitores no implica descalificar la tarea que desarrolló o que pudiera desarrollar el otro padre y la elección del progenitor a quien resulta conveniente otorgar la guarda de los menores no supone un juicio de valor sobre el otro, así la legislación vigente —de rango constitucional— ha dado prioridad fundamental al interés de los menores y confiere, en diferentes normas, especial relevancia a lo que se ha denominado como “interés del hijo”.
Dicho esto, concluimos en que la sentencia apelada se ajusta a derecho y a las circunstancias traídas a estudio, por ello debe ser confirmada.
Por ello, se resuelve:
Rechazar el recurso de apelación interpuesto a fs. 79, en consecuencia confirmar la sentencia apelada en todas sus partes. Imponer las costas de segunda instancia por su orden. Protocolícese, notifíquese en debida forma y previa reposición de sellado de ley, si así correspondiere, bajen los autos al Juzgado de origen.— Pascual E. Alferillo. — Gilberto A. Riveros. — Carlos E. Ferreira Bustos.
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