La Corte Suprema revocó la medida cautelar innovativa confirmada por la Sala II de la Cámara Federal de Apelaciones de La Plata, en tanto ordenaba refacturar el servicio prestado a los usuarios del partido de Berazategui con sujeción a las resoluciones 20/2010 y 36/2011 de la Secretaría de Comercio Interior y percibir un abono de $109 o $116 según los meses de que se trate, obligándola asimismo a abstenerse de interrumpir o modificar el servicio hasta tanto se resuelva la cuestión suscitada.
Contra ese pronunciamiento la demandada interpuso recurso extraordinario, cuya denegación, dio origen a la queja.
El conflicto inicial se produce por el presunto incumplimiento por parte de Cablevisión de las resoluciones citadas que establecen precio máximo para el abono mensual total de televisión por cable. En consecuencia, el Intendente Municipal de Berazategui promovió la presente acción con el fin de que se condene a la empresa accionada a cumplir con las resoluciones dictadas por la Secretaría de Comercio Interior sobre el tema.
Procedencia del recurso extraordinario
La Corte admitió su procedencia por encontrarse bajo discusión una materia federal y configurarse un supuesto de relevancia institucional en tanto que afecta de manera directa a toda la comunidad.
Aclaró que si bien las resoluciones que decretan medidas cautelares no constituyen en principio la sentencia definitiva requerida por el art. 14 de la ley 48, cabe obviar ese requisito cuando la medida decretada cause un agravio que, por su magnitud, la reparación ulterior pueda resultar tardía, insuficiente o imposible.
Por último advirtió verosimilitud en el argumento que atribuye arbitrariedad al pronunciamiento que se apela.
Fundamentos sobre el fondo
La Corte destacó que “la cautelar innovativa es una decisión excepcional porque altera el estado de hecho o de derecho existente al tiempo de su dictado, habida cuenta de que configura un anticipo de jurisdicción favorable respecto del fallo final de la causa, lo que justifica una mayor prudencia en la apreciación de los recaudos que hacen a su admisión (Fallos: 316:1833; 320:1633)”. Más aún, cuando la cautelar es tomada en el marco de un proceso colectivo, como en el caso.
Señaló que “el debate gira en torno a un eventual incumplimiento de una norma emanada de una autoridad nacional sobre una cuestión de orden federal, que excede, en principio, la normal competencia del municipio de velar por la administración de los intereses locales” por lo que, el Intendente de la Municipalidad de Berazategui, no tendría legitimidad -ni competencia- para la pretensión.
Aún en el hipotético caso que se admitiera dicha competencia, la Corte expresó que se omitió ponderar la medida cautelar dictada en la causa “La Capital Cable S.A. c/ Ministerio de Economía” por la Cámara Federal de Mar del Plata, a instancias de la Asociación Argentina de Televisión por Cable, en la que se debatía una cuestión sustancialmente análoga a la del sub lite y mediante la cual se dispuso que la Secretaría de Comercio Interior debía suspender la aplicación de la resolución 50/10.
En ese orden, es doctrina de la Corte que las sentencias que se pronuncian no pueden ser interferidas o revisadas, por una vía inadecuada, por otras que se dicten en causas diferentes con afectación del adecuado respeto que merecen las decisiones judiciales en cuanto impide que se las obstaculice con medidas innovativas dictadas en juicios diferentes.
La Corte se pronunció indicando que la Cámara Federal de La Plata, resolvió prescindiendo del estándar establecido en el leading case “Halabi”, en tanto que ha dicho que “la insuficiencia normativa no empece a que, con el fin de prevenir que se menoscabe la garantía del debido proceso legal, se adopten, por vía de interpretación integrativa, pautas mínimas indispensables de prelación para que se eviten pronunciamientos contradictorios derivados de procesos colectivos en los que se ventilan pretensiones sobre un mismo bien jurídico”.
Por tales motivos la Corte consideró necesaria la creación de un Registro de Acciones Colectivas para evitar el escándalo jurídico ante sentencias contradictorias con un mismo objeto, el cual será creado mediante Acordada del Máximo Tribunal en lo sucesivo.
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