SINTESIS. La Sala I de la Corte de Justicia de San Juan confirmó la sentencia que había rechazado una demanda por daños y perjuicios entablada por la madre de dos menores que murieron a días de su nacimiento. Para así decidir, el Máximo Tribunal consideró acreditado el obrar diligente y prudente de los médicos interviniventes, así como la ruptura del nexo causal invocado por la demandante, dado que el fallecimiento de los niños habría sido originado por una causa ajena a los profesionales actuantes. Al propio tiempo, enfatizó el papel protagónico de la relación de causalidad en el derecho de daños, explicitando que la misma debe mediar entre la acción y el daño; por lo que se la misma es alcanzada por factores extraños con entidad para eliminar o menguar sus efectos, se configura la interrupción del nexo causal o la concausa.
Fernández, Sonia M. c/O.S. de Boxeadores Agremiados de la República Argentina y Otros s/Inconstitucionalidad, Corte de Justicia de San Juan – Sala I, 15-02-2017.
San Juan, 15 de febrero de 2017.
EL SEÑOR MINISTRO DR. ÁNGEL HUMBERTO MEDINA PALÁ, DIJO: Comienzo mi voto reseñando los antecedentes de la causa, según las copias presentadas por la recurrente: la sentencia impugnada se dicta en el marco de un proceso en el que tramita una acción de daños y perjuicios planteada por la madre de dos menores fallecidos a los pocos días de nacer. La acción fue dirigida contra tres médicos, dos instituciones sanatoriales, una obra social y su empresa gerenciadora. También participan en el proceso dos compañías de seguros, que fueron citadas en garantía y asumieron la defensa de sus asegurados.
En lo que concierne al recurso planteado, mediante la resolución impugnada el tribunal a quo, por mayoría, confirma el rechazo de la demanda de daños y perjuicios e impone en el orden causado las costas de ambas instancias. –
La actora encuadra su recurso de inconstitucionalidad en la causal prevista en el inc. 3º del art. 11 de la Ley Nº 59-O. Dice que la sentencia recurrida es arbitraria y viola el derecho a la defensa en juicio, el debido proceso, la propiedad e igualdad ante la ley, la congruencia procesal y las formas indispensables de todo pronunciamiento procesal. –
La recurrente dice que el voto mayoritario tiene una fundamentación aparente y, por ende, arbitraria. También critica la valoración probatoria efectuada en ambas instancias, y afirma que el fallecimiento de los menores fue consecuencia directa y causal de una sepsis de origen exógeno. Expresa que el voto mayoritario transita de manera inconexa y alocada por los distintos factores de atribución de responsabilidad. Dice que comparte en todas sus partes el voto en disidencia del Dr. Pascual Alferillo, y también comparte la calificación de “caso complejo” que dicho magistrado efectúa. –
Continuando con su crítica, dice la recurrente que el voto mayoritario se abroquela principalmente, no en la duda que refirió el juez de primera instancia, sino en considerar acreditado en forma “certera” el origen endógeno de la infección contraída por los menores y en el obrar diligente de los demandados. Más adelante, afirma que la conclusión sobre el origen endógeno de la infección no se encuentra avalada con las pericias producidas en el expediente, ni con ninguna otra prueba rendida en el proceso. Refiere que nadie ha efectuado una afirmación certera sobre la etiología de la sepsis, y mucho menos unánime. Ergo, las interpretaciones dispares que contienen las pericias sobre el origen de la sepsis impiden como contrapartida emitir una conclusión certera y unánime sobre la misma. Concluye que la afirmación del voto mayoritario sobre la “acreditación con certeza del origen endógeno de la sepsis” es dogmática y desprovista de sustento probatorio. También sostiene que el traslado de los menores no fue el adecuado y culpa de ello a lo actuado por la neonatóloga que asistió a los bebés en el Sanatorio Mayo. –
La impugnante añade que la omisión de insertar los resultados de los análisis en la historia clínica y la de conservar los resultados de laboratorio (refiere a la segunda institución sanatorial), impidió que dicha prueba fundamental pudiera ser meritada. Sostiene que ello produce responsabilidad civil a todos los demandados.
Tras exponer los antecedentes del recurso planteado, me aboco a examinar su admisibilidad formal. Adelanto que dicho examen conducirá a desestimarlo, por las siguientes razones.
En primer lugar, señalo que la presentación recursiva no se autoabastece como exige el art. 4 de la Ley Nº 59-O. Del artículo resulta que “El recurso debe autoabastecerse, de forma tal que permita al Tribunal examinar y decidir la admisión formal sin necesidad de requerir antecedentes o actuaciones”. Ha dicho al respecto esta Corte que el recurso extraordinario es de interpretación restrictiva y debe bastarse a sí mismo, por lo que la presentación debe estar integrada por todos los elementos necesarios para demostrar y apoyar la pretensión esgrimida. No cabe, por ende, suplir las eventuales omisiones mediante reenvíos o solicitud de autos principales para integrar fundamentos, pues la competencia de este Tribunal está objetivamente ceñida por el régimen de la Ley Nº 59-O (PRE 1985-166; S.1ª.-1989-1; S.2ª.-1991-I-26; etc.).
Por ello es que, conforme el contenido de los agravios y para que la presentación fuera autosuficiente, resultaba necesario que la impugnante adjuntara copia del dictamen pericial que obraría a fs. 603/610 de los principales (elaborado por el Dr. Pedro A. Guerrero, médico pediatra neonatólogo). Al respecto, cabe resaltar que, como cuestión central, la recurrente atribuye al fallo responder dogmáticamente el reclamo de la parte actora. Ello, justamente, por la discordancia entre lo allí resuelto con el dictamen referido. Pues bien, y como es obvio, el dictamen resultaba necesario a fin de que el Tribunal contara con los elementos mínimos imprescindibles para verificar la arbitrariedad que se endilga al fallo (artículo 4, 2º párrafo de la Ley Nº 59-O). Cabe agregar que la propia parte actora reconoce que el dictamen es “documentación atinente al recurso” al identificarla a fs. 517 in fine. Sin embargo, como digo, omite acompañarlo.
En segundo lugar, el recurso involucra cuestiones típicamente probatorias, ámbito en el cual la función de este Tribunal extraordinario es restringida. Al respecto, cabe recordar que la ley no autoriza a esta Corte a evaluar la justicia de la solución. Su misión se limita a controlar la legalidad del fallo en cuanto acto jurisdiccional. Pues bien, la valoración eventualmente errada de la prueba no resta legalidad a un fallo. Esta sólo se ve afectada cuando aquélla es irrazonable, es decir, absurda. En consecuencia, el Tribunal no está autorizado a discernir si la prueba ha sido valorada correctamente. Debe circunscribirse a examinar si la valoración es o no absurda.
En la especie, tras valorar prolijamente la prueba rendida, el voto mayoritario ha considerado que los médicos demandados lograron acreditar, no sólo haber obrado con prudencia, diligencia y conforme a los protocolos del arte de curar, sino la causa ajena respecto de la muerte de los bebés (origen endógeno de la sepsis) y, con ello, la interrupción del nexo causal. Específicamente, el voto ha analizado los dictámenes médicos de los Dres. Jaled, Vázquez y el mencionado del Dr. Guerrero. Se comparta o no la forma en que el tribunal ha valorado la prueba, está claro que la valoración no resulta absurda. Ello excluye la arbitrariedad y, como dije, sitúa la problemática fuera del ámbito de la restringida función que en este punto la Ley Nº 59-O atribuye al Tribunal. –
Por todo ello, voto por desestimar formalmente el recurso planteado.
LOS SEÑORES MINISTROS DRES., JUAN CARLOS CABALLERO VIDAL Y JOSÉ ABEL SORIA VEGA, DIJERON:
Por sus fundamentos, nos adherimos al voto emitido precedentemente.
En mérito al resultado de la votación que antecede, el Tribunal RESUELVE:
I) Desestimar formalmente el recurso de inconstitucionalidad interpuesto.
II) Devolver al recurrente la copia para traslado acompañada.
III) Ordenar que se protocolice la presente, se agregue copia al expediente y se oficie al tribunal a quo a fin de remitir otra copia. Notifíquese y, oportunamente, archívese.
Ángel Humberto Medina Palá – Juan Carlos Caballero Vidal – José Abel Soria Vega
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