SÍNTESIS.- En el caso, corresponde confirmar la resolución administrativa, en cuanto impuso a dos de las empresas demandadas una sanción pecuniaria, por infracción a los artículos 12 y 17 de la Ley N° 24.240.
En efecto, en la resolución administrativa cuestionada se estableció claramente la infracción cometida por las demandadas, en los términos de los artículos mencionados de la Ley N° 24.240, por lo que lo manifestado por ellas en cuanto a que se brindó un servicio adecuado debe ser desestimado, tomando en cuenta para ello la prueba obrante en autos.
Al respecto, cabe recordar que si bien, en principio, cada parte debe probar los hechos que alega como sustento de su pretensión —art. 301 del Código Contencioso Administrativo y Tributario—, este criterio general se ve morigerado, a su vez, por la aplicación de la doctrina de las cargas probatorias dinámicas según la cual, cuando una de las partes está en mejores condiciones fácticas para producir cierta prueba vinculada a los hechos controvertidos o de la causa, ésta debe soportar el «onus probandi».
Así, cuando por la índole de la controversia o de las constancias documentales de la causa surge evidente que uno de los litigantes se encuentra en una posición dominante o privilegiada en relación con el material demostrativo —ya sea porque se encuentra en posesión del instrumento o por el rol que desempeño en el hecho litigioso—, su deber procesal de colaboración se acentúa, al punto de atribuírsele una carga probatoria más rigurosa que a su contraparte (conf. Falcón Enrique M., Código Procesal Civil y Comercial, Comentado y Anotado, T.3 artículos 346 a 605, pág. 156).
Los pleitos se deciden por las pruebas aportadas y no por las manifestaciones unilaterales de las partes y no ha habido una actividad probatoria por parte de las sumariadas (conf. Fenochietto, Carlos E., Código Procesal Civil y Comercial, Comentado y Anotado, T. 2 artículos 238 a 519 bis, Editorial Astrea, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 1999, pág. 476).
Asentado lo expuesto precedentemente, puede observarse que las empresas denunciadas no sólo han prestado un servicio deficiente sino que no han aportado elementos probatorios suficientes que acrediten las manifestaciones vertidas.
En el caso, corresponde reconocerle legitimación al actor denunciante a los efectos de poder obtener la revisión de la resolución administrativa que le concedió una indemnización en concepto de daño directo, por infracción a la Ley N° 24.240 -Ley Nacional de Defensa del Consumidor-.
Si bien en oportunidades anteriores he sostenido que el consumidor no podía revestir la calidad de parte en este tipo de procesos, un nuevo estudio de la cuestión, a la luz de la actual redacción del artículo 40 bis de la Ley N° 24.240, a partir de la vigencia del Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación (Ley N° 26.994), me he persuadido de la necesidad de reconocerle al denunciante su legitimación a los efectos de poder obtener la revisión de la decisión administrativa referida al daño directo.
En efecto, cabe destacar que si bien el Decreto N° 17/2003 -Reglamentario de la Ley N° 757- limitaba el rol del denunciante, luego dicha norma fue derogada por el Decreto N° 714/2010, teniendo en cuenta que cuando un procedimiento se inicia en razón de una denuncia, el consumidor o usuario tiene interés en su tramitación. Así, en cuanto a la procedencia y cuantía del daño determinado a su favor, la decisión a la que se arribe tiene entidad para afectar sus intereses.
En tal orden, cabe destacar que las normas adjetivas no deben obstruir la operatividad del régimen sustancial. En efecto, en el Decreto N° 1510/1997 de procedimiento administrativo local se considera parte interesada a aquél que invoque un derecho subjetivo o un interés legítimo (art. 24), por lo que cabe concluir en que dicho extremo se configura con respecto a quien o quienes resulten acreedores de una indemnización en concepto de daño directo fijada en sede administrativa y revisable en esta instancia, en virtud del necesario control judicial suficiente de las decisiones administrativas en su faz jurisdiccional (conf. art. 40 bis, tercer párrafo, inciso c), de la Ley N° 24.240; art. 11 de la Ley N° 757; CSJN, “Fernández Arias, Elena y otros c/Poggio, José”, sentencia del 19/9/1960, Fallos:247:646).
Lo expuesto explica que se haya suprimido de la redacción del artículo 40 bis (texto según Ley N° 26.361) el enunciado que decía “El acto administrativo de la autoridad de aplicación será apelable por el proveedor…”, el cual podía inducir a restringir la legitimación para cuestionar la resolución administrativa por parte del consumidor o usuario.
En definitiva, actualmente la normativa sustancial ha disipado cualquier duda acerca de la aptitud procesal que debe reconocérsele al titular del derecho subjetivo a obtener la reparación del denominado daño directo.
SEBASTIAN EZEQUIEL HEREDIA c/ GCBA, WHIRLPOOL ARGENTINA SA, FRAVEGA SACI Y ASSURANT ARGENTINA COMPAÑIA DE SEGUROS SA, Cámara de Apelaciones Contencioso, Administrativo y Tributario, 9/08/16
Fuente: Departamento de Biblioteca y Jurisprudencia del Consejo de la Magistratura de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires
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