La Cámara de Apelaciones en lo PCyF de la CABA confirmó el rechazo de la excepción de atipicidad

SÍNTESIS.- En el caso, corresponde confirmar la resolución de grado en cuanto dispuso no hacer lugar a la excepción de manifiesto defecto en la pretensión por atipicidad.
En efecto, la Defensa sostiene la atipicidad manifiesta de los eventos investigados en tanto las frases endilgadas a su asistido habrían sido proferidas por aquél en el interior de su vivienda y habrían sido escuchados por la denunciante desde su departamento. En razón de ello, las frases proferidas no podían configurar delito pues esos dichos fueron efectuados en el ámbito de reserva del acusado y que, además, por haber sido realizados en ese marco las amenazas carecerían de seriedad.
Ahora bien, sobre el particular, cabe señalar que el hecho de que una acción se cometa en el ámbito del propio domicilio no importa necesariamente que se trate de una acción privada que, por consiguiente, no podría configurar delito alguno (ámbito protegido por el art. 19 CN). Las acciones privadas de los hombres no revisten ese carácter por haber sido realizadas en un espacio físico privado (como lo es el domicilio) o público, sino por el hecho de que no vulneran derechos de terceros.
En otros términos, una acción privada puede cometerse en un espacio público. A la inversa, una acción «no privada» (en los términos del art. 19 CN) puede realizarse en el interior del domicilio. En este sentido se ha dicho que el derecho a la “intimidad” se distingue del derecho a la “privacidad” (Nino, Carlos, Fundamentos del Derecho Constitucional. Análisis filosófico, jurídico y politológico de la práctica constitucional, 4° reimpresión, Buenos Aires, Astrea, 2013, p. 328). Éste último comprende la realización de conductas que forman parte de un ámbito de libertad de acción en el que el Estado no puede inmiscuirse (cfr. Sancinetti, Marcelo A., Casos de Derecho Penal, Parte general, 3 ° edición, Hammurabi, p.79).
En cambio, el derecho a la intimidad, consagrado en el artículo 18 de la Constitución Nacional –inviolabilidad del domicilio– no se encuentra resguardado con ese mismo alcance (de manera absoluta). Por lo demás, tampoco alcanza a conductas que transcienden o se exceden de ese espacio físico, como en principio sucedería en el caso que nos ocupa.

La Defensa sostiene la atipicidad manifiesta de los eventos investigados en tanto las frases endilgadas a su asistido habrían sido proferidas por aquél en el interior de su vivienda y habrían sido escuchados por la denunciante desde su departamento. A su vez, sostuvo que no se trata de una cuestión de hecho y prueba sino que ello surgía de la descripción misma de los sucesos.
Al respecto, si bien el recurrente postula que en este supuesto no se discuten cuestiones de hecho y prueba, ello no es correcto pues no resulta irrelevante, a los efectos de la tipicidad de la conducta, que las manifestaciones proferidas por el imputado hayan sido efectuadas en un volumen de voz elevado, sabiendo que la vecina (con la que ya enfrentaba conflictos domésticos y judiciales), de esa forma, las escucharía; o que, por el contrario, hayan sido sólo expresiones destinadas a ser oídas por su cónyuge, sin que advirtiera la posibilidad de que sean oídas por la denunciante.
Ello así, de haberse dado la primer hipótesis (esto es que el encartado supiera que serían oídas por la vecina) resultaría irrelevante que las frases amenazantes hayan sido realizadas en el marco de una conversación con su esposa en su propio domicilio, pues este supuesto no se diferenciaría en nada de aquél en el que el autor le dice a un tercero, en presencia de la víctima, que matará a esta última.
En este sentido la jurisprudencia sostiene que “[l]a posible ‘atipicidad’ de la conducta que aquí se imputa no era de ninguna manera manifiesta, porque para afirmar esa ‘atipicidad’ se debió acudir a consideraciones anticipadas de naturaleza probatoria…”. (CFCP, SALA IV, causa n° 1266/2013, caratulada “ÁLVAREZ, Leonardo Daniel y otros s/ recurso de casación”, rta. 13/02/2014).

T., O. O, Cámara de Apelaciones Penal, Contravencional y de Faltas, 30/06/16

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