SÍNTESIS. Sobre la base de lo dispuesto por el art. 438 CCCN (que en relación al procedimiento de divorcio establece que “Si el divorcio es peticionado por uno solo de los cónyuges, el otro puede ofrecer una propuesta reguladora distinta…”) y de la necesidad de que el cónyuge sea anoticiado de la petición de divorcio formulado por el otro o, en su caso, agotar todas las medidas que sean necesarias para que ello suceda, la Sala M de la Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil declaró mal concedido el recurso de apelación interpuesto por el actor, al cual el juez de grado ordenó poner en conocimiento del cónyuge la petición de divorcio presentada, a pesar de que hayan trascurrido 47 años desde la separación de hecho, en tanto frente al fracaso de la única notificación, el apelante no ha demostrado una mínima diligencia en el cumplimiento de esa manda judicial exigida por la ley, y cuyo fundamento reside en el derecho de defensa establecido en el art. 18 de la Constitución Nacional, máxime cuando en el caso, no se ha acreditado la alegada y supuesta imposibilidad de cumplir con tal notificación.
L., M. A. c/B., G. del V. s/ Divorcio, Sala M de la Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil, 30-06-2016.
Texto completo del fallo
Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil – Sala M, 30 de Junio de 2016.
VISTOS Y CONSIDERANDO:
I- El actor apeló la providencia de fs. 42 que ordena poner en conocimiento del cónyuge la petición de divorcio presentada, el juez de grado concede el recurso a fs. 44.
II- El demandante entiende que la notificación que le ordena el auto de fs.42 es materialmente imposible, ya que ha intentado con anterioridad diligenciar otra cedula en el domicilio informado por las reparticiones públicas y no ha tenido resultado positivo. Destaca asimismo que transcurrieron 47 años desde la separación de hecho. Por otro lado, el recurrente manifiesta agraviarse por cuanto el juzgado de origen no accedió a la notificación por edictos. El Sr. Fiscal de Cámara se expide a fs. 53/54 compartiendo los fundamentos expuestos por el apelante.
III.- En primer término cabe señalar, conforme lo ha dicho en forma reiterada este tribunal, que constituye un presupuesto subjetivo de admisibilidad de la apelación la existencia de un gravamen o perjuicio concreto y actual, resultante de la decisión que se recurre y el interés válido para quien lo interpone. El agravio debe ser actual y no conjetural (conf. Morello A., «Códigos Procesales Comentados», T.III, pág.148, jurisprudencia allí citada; esta Sala exptes. n°144.996, n°176.205 y n° 199.232).
En este sentido, la existencia de gravamen deriva del principio general según el cual sin interés no hay acción (confr. Fenochieto, Carlos Eduardo, “C.P.C.C. de la Nación, comentado…” t. 2 pág.17). No configurándose en el caso de autos perjuicio alguno al apelante, corresponde declarar mal concedido el recurso interpuesto.
No obstante y con el fin de dar una acabada respuesta al justiciable, conviene destacar que el art. 438 del Cód. Civ. y Comercial de la Nación establece los requisitos en el procedimiento del divorcio, y es claro en cuanto dispone “…Si el divorcio es peticionado por uno solo de los cónyuges, el otro puede ofrecer una propuesta reguladora distinta…”, por lo que torna indispensable que la cónyuge sea anoticiada de la petición de divorcio o en su caso, agotar todas las medidas que sean necesarias para que ello suceda.
Por otro lado, y en virtud de la multiplicidad de opciones que brinda el art. 717 Cód. Civ. y Com. en cuanto a la competencia en los procesos de divorcio y nulidad del matrimonio (el juez del último domicilio conyugal o el del demandado a elección del actor, o el de cualquiera de los cónyuges si la presentación es conjunta) podría darse el caso de que un juez dicte una sentencia de divorcio existiendo ya otra sentencia idéntica en otro proceso requerida por el otro cónyuge en otra jurisdicción en relación con el mismo matrimonio, ambas dictadas sin intervención de la otra parte. De igual modo, podría plantearse la situación de que el cónyuge no peticionante del divorcio hubiera promovido un juicio de nulidad de matrimonio en otra jurisdicción, o tuviera fundamento para plantearlo, produciendo la disolución del vínculo matrimonial por una causal diferente. Finalmente, hasta podría llegarse al absurdo de decretar el divorcio respecto de una persona ya fallecida (Sala J, “Coco, Carla Paola c/Sibio, David Fernando s/ Divorcio” expte. N°64234/15 del 10/3/2016).
A pesar que la redacción del art.438 del Cód. Civ. y Comercial, pueda no ser lo suficientemente clara, no cabe duda que en su espíritu se encuentra el principio de contradicción, por el cual se impone correr traslado tanto de la petición unilateral como así también de la propuesta efectuada por una de las partes, a efectos de no vulnerar la garantía constitucional de la defensa en juicio.
Sin perjuicio de ello se advierte que contrariamente a lo manifestado por el apelante, la notificación por edictos fue solicitada con anterioridad a la readecuación del divorcio -ver fs. 33- y el agraviado nunca cumplió con lo dispuesto por el art.145 del C.P.C.C como fuera ordenado a fs. 33 vta..-
Es dable destacar, que en la única cédula que libró el actor -ver fs.25/26- el oficial notificador dejó entrever la posibilidad que la altura de la calle a la que iba dirigida la cédula, pueda pertenecer a otras localidades del mismo partido. Y frente al fracaso de esa notificación, el apelante no ha demostrado una mínima diligencia en el cumplimiento de esa manda judicial ordenada expresamente por la ley, y cuyo fundamento hunde sus raíces el derecho de la defensa establecido en el art. 18 de la Constitución Nacional. A la luz de tales constancias no se observa en este particular supuesto la alegada imposibilidad de cumplir con la notificación.
En tal caso, ante el fracaso de las diligencias que razonablemente se realicen con el fin de notificar a la demandada podrá decidirse de que otra forma se podrá cumplir con la manda ordenada.
Por estas consideraciones, el Tribunal
RESUELVE: Declarar mal concedido el recurso de apelación interpuesto a fs. 43.
Regístrese, notifíquese al Sr. Fiscal de Cámara en su despacho y devuélvase.-
Se hace saber que aquellas partes e interesados que no hayan constituido su domicilio electrónico quedarán notificados en los términos del art. 133 del Código Procesal (cnf. Acordadas n° 31/2011 y 38/2013).
Maria I. Benavente – Mabel de los Santos – Elisa M. Diaz de Vivar
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