La decisión fue adoptada por una Cámara de la Provincia de Córdoba, haciendo aplicación de las disposiciones de la Ley de Defensa del Consumidor, y extendiendo la responsabilidad a la propietaria del inmueble. Se trató de un fideicomiso que no se encontraba formalmente instrumentado
Una empresa y su directora deberán indemnizar por daños y perjuicios, con 56.000 dólares (o su equivalente en pesos, más intereses), a una mujer con la que habían celebrado un contrato de fideicomiso destinado a la edificación de un edificio y que los había demandado porque no recibió el departamento en la fecha fijada para la entrega (agosto de 2010). La resolución fue adoptada por la Cámara 6º de Apelaciones en lo Civil y Comercial, que consideró que resultaban aplicables las previsiones de la Ley de Defensa del Consumidor (LDC), sobre todo teniendo en cuenta que, cuando se suscribió el contrato, “el fideicomiso no se encontraba instrumentado conforme a derecho”.
El tribunal hizo lugar al recurso de apelación planteado por la demandante contra la sentencia del Juzgado de 4º Nominación del mismo fuero, que solo había condenado a la firma Oliver Group S.A. Pero ahora, la Cámara hizo extensiva y corresponsable a la representante del fideicomiso que, al tiempo de la celebración del contrato, era propietaria del inmueble previsto para la construcción del edificio. En cambio, el tribunal rechazó el recurso promovido por los demandados.
Condición de consumidora
La empresa esgrimía que al caso debían aplicarse las disposiciones del Código Civil y Comercial (CCC) para la figura del fideicomiso y que a la demandante había que considerarla como “una inversionista” que asumió un riesgo. No obstante, en la resolución, el vocal Alberto Zarza afirmó que, en este caso, no había “obstáculo que impidiera considerar que la actora (demandante) ha sido una consumidora en la contratación”. Esto, en tanto la finalidad del contrato fue la compraventa de un departamento en propiedad horizontal o de una unidad funcional, que se vehiculizó a través de la figura del fideicomiso, al que la compradora tuvo que adherirse, según cláusulas predispuestas.
En la misma dirección, el camarista expresó que la empresa había incurrido en “un claro desprecio del deber de información (artículo 42, Constitución Nacional; art. 4, LDC, y art. 1110 del CCC), puesto que la demandante suscribió un contrato creyendo que se incorporaba como beneficiaria y fiduciante, sin poder advertir -de la documentación entregada- que el fideicomiso no existía y que, en consecuencia, tampoco existía patrimonio de afectación”.
Asimismo, a partir de la cita de un tratadista experto en fideicomisos inmobiliarios o no financieros, el vocal recalcó la doctrina que entiende que “el fideicomiso inmobiliario no es más que una aplicación del negocio fiduciario, estructurado ‘ad hoc’, para emprendimientos inmobiliarios, mayormente destinados a viviendas en propiedad horizontal, barrios cerrados, clubes de campos, etc., cuyos ‘beneficiarios’ o adquirentes son generalmente inversores o ahorristas no profesionales o consumidores finales, que financian el costo de la tierra y la construcción, más un plus de retribución o ganancia para el desarrollador u organizador”.
Situación de la propietaria del inmueble
Luego, el magistrado analizó la situación de quien, al tiempo de la celebración del contrato, era aún la propietaria del inmueble ubicado en el barrio General Paz. “Si bien la Sra. S. operó en representación de Oliver Group S.A., esta a su vez intervenía en carácter de fiduciaria de un fideicomiso que no se encontraba legalmente constituido. Así, en rigor, tampoco puede sostenerse que Oliver Group S.A. hubiera actuado en calidad de fiduciaria, ni que hubiera sido la titular del bien (inmueble) que no puede calificarse de bien fideicomitido”, argumentó.
En la misma línea, el camarista insistió en que, como no se encontraba constituido el fideicomiso, “ni siendo el inmueble un bien de la sociedad que ella (S.) representaba, debe calificarse a la titular registral del inmueble como proveedora, en los términos del art. 2 de la LDC”.
El vocal recalcó que cabía atribuirle responsabilidad a “la propietaria del inmueble que, a la postre, resultó ser la directora y presidente de la sociedad administradora de fondos, constructora del edificio y agente inmobiliaria de las unidades funcionales” y, asimismo, según las constancias de la causa, “fiduciante inversora y beneficiaria en el contrato de fideicomiso”. Ella, según la resolución, debe responder por “la falta de información cierta y detallada, adecuada y veraz suministrada a la demandante, sumado a los distintos roles o calidades de la Sra. S., incluida su relación sobre el inmueble al tiempo de la contratación”.
Obligación de informar del proveedor
El camarista, a cuyo voto se adhirieron sus pares (Walter Simes y Silva Palacio de Caeiro), manifestó que a la proveedora le cabía informar clara, cierta y detalladamente “toda circunstancia relevante para el contrato, incluido, en este caso, cuál era la situación registral y dominial del inmueble sobre el cual se emplazaba el proyecto edilicio y que el fideicomiso no se había instrumentado”.
La Cámara concluyó: “la redacción de los contratos predispuestos pudo inducir a la demandante al error de pensar que el fideicomiso se encontraba constituido, que el inmueble era un bien fideicomitido y que la sociedad efectivamente era la fiduciaria que iba a gestionar el boleto de compraventa a su favor. Asimismo, le entregaron dos anexos de especificaciones técnicas del Fideicomiso Canadian Plaza y un plano de la unidad, que llevan la firma de la Sra. S., sin aclaración que indicara representación alguna”.
Fecha: 14 de abril de 2016.
Causa: “Ahumada, Mariela Florencia c/Oliver Group S.A. y Otro – Ordinarios – Otros – Recurso de apelación”.
Fuente: www.justiciacordoba.gob.ar
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