– Por el Dr. Pittier, Lautaro Ezequiel –
Como enseñaba el maestro Genaro Carrió en su magistral obra «Sobre los límites del lenguaje normativo»[1] el lenguaje normativo genera en algunas oportunidades «sinsentidos[2]«. En efecto, cuando quien lo emplea quiere realizar la difícil tarea de atravesar algunos de los límites o fronteras internos del mismo sin atravesarlos realmente. Es decir, cuando uno usa una herramienta lingüística que sirve para ciertos fines y quiere hacerle servir un fin, emparentado con esos otros, para el que ella no es idónea. Algo, así como querer tomar la sopa con un tenedor. Suele suceder en la actualidad que -ante la falta de precisión en el lenguaje- sumada a la escasa o nula técnica legislativa se utilizan habitualmente palabras o términos en distintos temas, empleando distintos significados y con diferentes sentidos o fines. Sabido es que, cuando una palabra significa muchas cosas -en realidad- no significa nada. Al obrar así, el legislador produce una forma de sinsentido.
Así las cosas, la reciente puesta en marcha del nuevo Código Civil y Comercial, trajo a mi parecer una serie de originales sinsentidos. A continuación algunos pocos ejemplos de ellos.
- REMUNERACIÓN: Se utiliza 28 (veintiocho) veces la palabra «Remuneración» en el nuevo código. La remuneración es la contraprestación propia del trabajador por haber puesto su fuerza de trabajo a disposición del empleador. El nuevo Código establece que en el contrato de locación de obra y de servicios, mandato, depósito, agencia y concesión, la prestación que recibe el prestador del servicio, el mandatario, el depositario, el agente y el concesionario respectivamente, se denomina “remuneración”. Por lo tanto, ese término deja de hacer referencia a la prestación propia del trabajador para comenzar a ser utilizado en otro tipo de contratos no laborales.
- CONTRATOS POR ADHESIÓN DE CONSUMO O CON CLÁUSULAS PREDISPUESTAS: ASENTIMIENTO Y CONSENTIMIENTO
El nuevo Código utiliza en forma indistinta los términos asentimiento y consentimiento. De esta manera, habla de consentimiento en contratos por adhesión, de consumo o con cláusulas predispuestas. Sabido es que, la diferencia que en este tipo de contratos no aplica el término CONSENTIMIENTO sino el ASENTIMIENTO, dado que en estos contratos el contratante debe aceptar las cláusulas contractuales impuestas u optar por no contratar. Es menester señalar, que lo regulado en la mencionada sección, no es un tipo general de los contratos, sino la modalidad de exteriorización de la voluntad diferente de la que tiene lugar en los contratos negociados individualmente, por mediar en aquellos un grado significativamente menor en cuanto a la autonomía de la voluntad y libertad de contratación respecto de la parte adherente. Esto implica reconocer que en el campo de los negocios, existen partes que cuentan con poderes de negociación desiguales y que nos encontramos en un hábitat apto para que una de ellas pueda inducir –en mayor o menor grado- a la otra a asentir, no ya consentir, cláusulas que no fueron producto de una negociación entre partes.
- RAZONABLEMENTE O RAZONABLE: término utilizado por el nuevo código apenas unas 66 (sesenta y seis) veces. ¿Qué significa razonablemente?, ¿Que significa, por ejemplo, El juez debe resolver los asuntos que sean sometidos a su jurisdicción mediante una decisión razonablemente fundada[3]?; cual es el sentido de la siguiente manda: «La persona divorciada o cuyo matrimonio ha sido declarado nulo no puede usar el apellido del otro cónyuge, excepto que, por motivos razonables, el juez la autorice a conservarlo»[4]. ¿Cuáles son esos motivos razonables?. Es el mismo criterio por ejemplo que en el caso de la nueva tutela dativa cuando el reluciente Código reza: «Ante la ausencia de designación paterna de tutor o tutores o ante la excusación, rechazo o imposibilidad de ejercicio de aquellos designados, el juez debe otorgar la tutela a la persona que sea más idónea para brindar protección al niño, niña o adolescente, debiendo fundar razonablemente los motivos que justifican dicha idoneidad.»[5] como Recordemos, no hay notas en este nuevo código ni aclaraciones del castigado Dalmacio Velez Sarfield.
- ACCIÓN PREVENTIVA. Las eximentes de responsabilidad. La idea implícita en la norma nos parece justa; incluso loable pero, sin embargo, esa adhesión no nos inhibe de señalar la peligrosa fragilidad constitucional del texto. Por el contrario, esta norma de alto impacto social está tan mal redactada que corre serio peligro de ser declarada inconstitucional. Veamos qué es lo que tanto nos preocupa.- El art. 1711 CCC apartado final establece curiosamente que “…no es exigible la concurrencia de ningún factor de atribución…”.
La primera y única fuente de estudio que tenemos para analizar semejante declaración -ante la carencia de notas aclaratorias- es la exposición de motivos que precedió a la vigencia completa del código civil y comercial. En tal sentido, la Comisión redactora señala: “… no es exigible la concurrencia de ningún factor de atribución, que es lo que, además de la función, diferencia a esta acción de la obligación de resarcir…”[6]. Es decir, los creadores del texto nos explican que como se trata de una acción sin contenido patrimonial no es necesario invocar un factor de atribución. Esto significa que no habiendo una disputa material o económica, la parte acusada no tendrá ninguna defensa que oponer a la demanda que cualquiera que tenga un interés razonable decida emprender.-
Según esta inusual concepción, se dictará la sentencia que prevé el artículo 1713 CCC, sin que la parte demandada pueda alegar, como eximente de responsabilidad, la ruptura del nexo causal. Nos apena decir algo que, sin embargo, no podemos omitir: la redacción de este texto es un dislate jurídico pocas veces visto. Pensar que pueda haber una demanda, y que pueda haber un reproche de antinjuridicidad, y que pueda haber una conducta antijurídica, y que pueda haber sentencia condenatoria, y que NO pueda haber una defensa es un pensamiento casi irracional que viola elementales principios; el texto legal nos causa asombro.-
Finalmente en base a lo reseñado precedentemente, el legislador ha producido una forma de sinsentido que se caracteriza por ese especial tipo de resultado. Estos sinsentidos esbozados de la reluciente obra de nuestro nuevo cuerpo normativo traerán dolores de cabeza que los juristas, los doctrinarios y los orfebres del derecho seguramente con dedicación podrán curar.
Notas
[1] Carrio, Genaro Sobre los límites del lenguaje normativo, ED Astrea, 2008
[2] Sinsentido m. Cosa absurda, ilógica e irracional: eso que propones es un sinsentido. Real Academia Española, Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. Diccionario de la lengua española, 23.ª ed., Edición del Tricentenario, Madrid: Espasa, 2014.
[3] artículo 3 del código Civil y Comercial de la Nación
[4] ARTICULO 67 del Código Civil y Comercial.- Cónyuges. Cualquiera de los cónyuges puede optar por usar el apellido del otro, con la preposición “de” o sin ella.
La persona divorciada o cuyo matrimonio ha sido declarado nulo no puede usar el apellido del otro cónyuge, excepto que, por motivos razonables, el juez la autorice a conservarlo.
El cónyuge viudo puede seguir usando el apellido del otro cónyuge mientras no contraiga nuevas nupcias, ni constituya unión convivencial.
[5] ARTICULO 107Código Civil y comercial
[6] Código Civil y Comercial concordado. Ed. Astrea, años 2015, pg. 461
Referencias del autor
Abogado. Director de Asuntos Jurídicos de la Facultad de Derecho en la Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora (UNLZ). Docente de la Facultad de Derecho y de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas en la UNLZ. Ex abogado Dictaminante Especializado en la Dirección de Asuntos Jurídicos del Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación Productiva de la Nación.
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The refreshing Zune browser is surprisingly optimistic, nonetheless not as beneficial as the iPod’s. It works well, nonetheless just isn’t as fast as Safari, and contains a clunkier interface. If you once in a while system on using the website browser that’s not an issue, but if you happen to be planning toward read the web alot versus your PMP then the iPod’s bigger exhibit and much better browser may well be crucial.
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Hands down, Apple’s application retail outlet wins as a result of a mile. It can be a substantial choice of all styles of applications vs a really unhappy choice of a handful for Zune. Microsoft has courses, specially within the realm of games, still I am not absolutely sure I’d have to have in direction of bet upon the upcoming if this attribute is crucial to you. The iPod is a a great deal far better selection inside that circumstance.
Apple at this time consists of Rhapsody as an application, which is a perfect commence, yet it is at this time hampered via the lack of ability towards retailer regionally upon your iPod, and contains a dismal 64kbps little bit selling price. If this improvements, then it will relatively negate this benefit for the Zune, nevertheless the 10 music per month will continue to be a large moreover inside of Zune Pass’ like.
I will products this review to 2 layouts of us citizens: latest Zune homeowners who are thinking of an up grade, and men and women attempting in direction of choose amongst a Zune and an iPod. (There are other avid gamers worth considering out there, which includes the Sony Walkman X, still I assume this gives by yourself adequate data in the direction of make an mindful determination of the Zune vs players other than the iPod line as nicely.)
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The new Zune browser is surprisingly Great, however not as Wonderful as the iPod’s. It operates well, nonetheless is not as instantaneous as Safari, and contains a clunkier interface. If you sometimes software upon working with the net browser that’s not an issue, nonetheless if you’re designing toward go through the net alot against your PMP then the iPod’s greater screen and far better browser might be important.
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Amongst me and my partner we have owned additional MP3 avid gamers more than the years than I can rely, which include Sansas, iRivers, iPods (classic & touch), the Ibiza Rhapsody, and so on. But, the remaining handful of a long time I’ve settled down to a person line of gamers. Why? Considering the fact that I was content toward examine how well-designed and entertaining toward employ the service of the underappreciated (and widely mocked) Zunes are.
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