La SCBA estableció la competencia de los Tribunales del Trabajo en la petición de extensión de las obligaciones emanadas de sentencia laboral dictada en causa anterior al presidente del directorio de una sociedad, en tanto no obstante que la demanda se funda en normas de la Ley de Sociedades, la cuestión a examen está íntimamente vinculada con lo decidido en condena anterior y no se trata de ninguno de los supuestos contemplados en el art. 2 de la Ley N° 11.653.
Avalos, Blanca S. c/Tamargo, Juan J. s/Despido, Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 17/6/2015.
Texto del fallo
Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires
La Plata, 17 de Junio de 2015.-
El Dr. Pettigiani dijo:
La señora Blanca Susana Ávalos -por apoderado- promovió demanda ante el Tribunal del Trabajo Nº 3 del Departamento Judicial Morón, por la que peticionó se extiendan las obligaciones emanadas de la sentencia dictada en los autos caratulados «Ávalos, Blanca Susana c/Tamargo S.A. s/Despido y cobro de pesos» a Juan José Tamargo, presidente del directorio de la sociedad demandada en dicha causa (fs. 85/89 vta.).
El órgano interviniente se inhibió de entender en las presentes actuaciones por considerar que la materia era ajena a su competencia y propia de la justicia civil y comercial y, remitió los autos a la Receptoría General de Expedientes departamental a los efectos de la adjudicación por sorteo (fs. 93/94 vta.).
Posteriormente, el Juzgado en lo Civil y Comercial Nº 11 de ese departamento judicial, que las recibió, se declaró incompetente y las devolvió al tribunal de origen (fs. 106/107), quien elevó la causa a esta Corte (fs. 112/113), originándose el conflicto a dirimir (art. 161 inc. 2, Const. prov.).
Cabe observar que con la acción intentada se procura la declaración de responsabilidad del aquí demandado por el incumplimiento de una decisión judicial alegándose al respecto un accionar fraudulento de parte de éste en desmedro de los derechos de la actora.
De conformidad con los términos de la demanda y más allá de su procedencia, estando en juego normas de la Ley de Sociedades, la misma resulta ajena a la competencia de los tribunales del trabajo y propia de la justicia civil y comercial, desde que no se trata de ninguno de los supuestos contemplados en el art. 2 de la Ley Nº 11.653 (conf. arts. 1, 3, 4 y concs. del C.P.C.C.; 50 de la Ley Nº 5827; doct. causas Ac. 95.766, «Díaz», resol. del 26-X-2005; Ac. 89.500, «Rodríguez», resol. del 29-X- 2003; Ac. 82.456, «Vera», resol. del 3-X-2001).
El Dr. Soria dijo:
Si bien en anteriores oportunidades he participado de la doctrina legal en la cual se inscribe lo decidido en el voto que antecede (v. causas Ac. 89.500, «Rodríguez», resol. del 29-X-2003; Ac. 95.766, «Díaz», resol. del 26-X-2005), un nuevo estudio del tema me lleva a abordar el criterio allí expuesto.
El art. 2 inc. a) in fine de la Ley Nº 11.653 señala que es competente el tribunal del trabajo para conocer en las controversias individuales del trabajo que tengan lugar entre trabajadores y empleadores, aunque se funden en normas del derecho común.
Desde esta perspectiva, cabe recordar que esta Corte ha declarado que la competencia se determina, en principio, por la naturaleza jurídica de los reclamos que el actor propone a decisión judicial, es decir, por la índole de la acción ejercida. Así, la de los Tribunales del Trabajo resulta, pues, toda vez que ella se vincule con un contrato o relación de trabajo, sin perjuicio que en la sentencia definitiva se juzgue sobre la procedencia o no de los derechos invocados (conf. doct. causas L. 101.120, «Venanzi», sent. del 17-VI-2009; L. 80.103, «Taborda», sent. del 15-II-2006; entre otras).
En el caso, puede advertirse que aun cuando la pretensión incoada no transitó por vía incidental, y por otro lado -obviamente- no se encuentra demandada aquí la sociedad empleadora, no cabe duda que la cuestión que se trae a examen del órgano jurisdiccional se halla íntimamente vinculada con lo decidido en el litigio anterior, aquél en el que fue condenada Tamargo S.A., titular del vínculo laboral. No se intentan ventilar en estas actuaciones meros actos internos de la sociedad o conflictos intrasocietarios, sino -a tenor del planteo esgrimido por la parte actora- el análisis de ciertas conductas de uno de sus integrantes en perjuicio del trabajador, y ello, con la finalidad de ampliar el espectro de sujetos legitimados pasivos en el marco de las indemnizaciones de naturaleza laboral que le fueron reconocidas en el juicio que entabló contra su empleador.
Entonces, persiguiéndose en estos autos – reitero- la extensión de la condena recaída en la litis primigenia respecto del presidente del directorio de la sociedad allí condenada, no obstante que la demanda – esencialmente- se funda en normas de la Ley de Sociedades, más allá de su procedencia, considero que la cuestión resulta propia de la competencia de los Tribunales del Trabajo (art. 2 inc. a) in fine de la Ley Nº 11.653).
Para más, no puede dejar de destacarse que la solución propuesta guarda armonía con lo resuelto por esta Corte en aquellos casos en que la acción incoada buscaba la extensión de responsabilidad al continuador de la explotación del establecimiento del empleador -sin perjuicio de que en ellos, mayormente, también se invocaban normas laborales junto con otras del régimen de sociedades- (v. L. 80.103, «Taborda», cit.; Ac. 88.231, «García Vázquez», resol. del 5-XI-2003).
III. En virtud de lo expuesto, corresponde declarar competente para conocer en estas actuaciones al Tribunal del Trabajo Nº 3 del Departamento Judicial Morón, debiendo ello comunicarse al Juzgado en lo Civil y Comercial Nº 11 departamental mediante oficio de estilo.
El Dr. Negri dijo:
Si bien participé de la doctrina legal que surge de la causa Ac. 77.639, resol. del 24-V-2000, una nueva reflexión me conduce a dar una solución diferente en este caso.
En la especie se demanda la condena del presidente de «Tamargo S.A.», sociedad que fuera condenada en la causa «Avalos, Blanca Susana c/Tamargo S.A. s/Despido y Cobro de Pesos» (expte. 16.038, de trámite por ante el Tribunal de Trabajo Nº 3 de Morón), con fundamento en los arts. 58, 59, 157 y 274 de la Ley de Sociedades y en la Ley Nº 20.744 modificada por la Ley Nº 25.877, por considerar que el fraude laboral y previsional que quedó acreditado en aquella causa (se trató de una trabajadora no registrada) configura un ilícito que permite subsumir la situación del señor Juan José Tamargo en las normas señaladas de la ley societaria.
Por ello, y las concordantes razones expuestas en el voto del doctor Soria, considero que la cuestión resulta propia de la competencia de los tribunales del trabajo (art. 2 inc. a in fine de la Ley Nº 11.653).
La Dra. Kogan dijo:
Comparto los fundamentos dados por el colega doctor Soria en los puntos II y siguientes. Por tanto, entiendo que la competencia para conocer en las presentes actuaciones, ha de ser del Tribunal del Trabajo Nº 3 del Departamento Judicial Morón.
El Dr. de Lázzari, por los mismos fundamentos, adhiere al voto del Dr. Soria.
Por ello, por mayoría, se declara competente Tribunal del Trabajo Nº 3 del Departamento Judicial Morón.
Regístrese, comuníquese al Juzgado en lo Civil y Comercial Nº 11 departamental mediante oficio de estilo y devuélvase.
Hector Negri – Hilda Kogan – Eduardo J. Pettigiani – Eduardo N. de Lazzari – Daniel F. Soria
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