SUMARIO.- La Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación dispuso dejar sin efecto la sentencia dictada por la Cámara de Apelaciones de Bahía Blanca -Sala de feria- por la que se había confirmado el rechazo in limine del recurso de amparo interpuesto por un particular contra la Administración Nacional de la Seguridad Social (ANSeS), a fin de que ésta lo incorporara al subsistema no contributivo de «Asignación Universal por Hijo para protección social» por cada uno de sus dos hijos menores de edad bajo su guarda.
Fundó tal decisión en que el remedio federal sí “resulta admisible pues, si bien cuestiones como la analizada en el sub lite resultan ajenas a la instancia del arto 14 de la ley 48 por tratarse de decisiones que -al rechazar la vía del amparo y dejar subsistente el acceso a la revisión judicial a través de la instancia ordinaria- carecen del carácter de definitivas, cabe hacer excepción a dicha regla cuando lo resuelto ocasiona un agravio de imposible o muy dificultosa reparación ulterior o lo resuelto conduce, sin fundamentos suficientes, a la frustración de una vía apta para el reconocimiento de los derechos invocados, con la consecuente violación del derecho de defensa en juicio y de la garantía del debido proceso en los que se apoya el recurrente.”
Asimismo también destacó que pese a reconocer la raigambre constitucional de la instancia promovida, “la alzada se limitó a exponer una formulación genérica sobre los caracteres que debía reunir el proceso de amparo, sin consideración alguna de las circunstancias del caso y omitiendo toda ponderación con respecto a si la cuestión ventilada en el sub lite -a la luz, aun, de los estándares rigurosos que señala- era susceptible de encausarse por la vía del amparo”.
También ha recordado que dada la índole peculiar de ciertas pretensiones, compete a los jueces la búsqueda de soluciones que se avengan a éstas, para lo cual deben encauzar los trámites por vías expeditivas, a fin de evitar que la incorrecta utilización de las formas, pueda conducir a la frustración de derechos tutelados constitucionalmente.
Se resuelve por ello declarar procedente el recurso extraordinario y dejar sin efecto la sentencia apelada, ordenándose que vuelvan los autos al tribunal de origen a fin de que se emita un nuevo pronunciamiento conforme los lineamientos impartidos.
Fallo completo.
1. 46. XLVIII. 1. 38. XLVIII. RECURSO DE HECHO 1. C., L. A. el A.N.S.E.S. -P.E.N. si amparo - medida cautelar.
Buenos Aires, quince de mayo de 2014.
Vistos los autos: «l. C., L. A. c/ A.N.S.E.S. – P.E.N. s/ amparo – medida cautelar».
Considerando:
1°) Que la Cámara Federal de Apelaciones de Bahía Blanca, sala de feria, confirmó -por mayoría- la decisión de la
instancia anterior que había rechazado in limine la acción de amparo interpuesta por el señor l. C., con el patrocinio de la defensa pública, contra la Administración Nacional de la Seguridad Social (ANSeS), a fin de que ésta lo incorporara al subsistema no contributivo de «Asignación Universal por Hijo para protección
social» por cac;iauno de sus dos hijos menores de edad bajo su guarda.
Para decidir de ese modo, los jueces que conformaron la mayoría sostuvieron que el amparo constituía una vía procesal excepcional, residual y heroica y, por consiguiente, su procedencia formal debía ser apreciada de manera restrictiva. Asimismo, consideraron que la decisión sobre la admisibilidad de la acción no debía apoyarse en la naturaleza de la pretensión esgrimida -asumiendo, en conse<;:uencia, una postura amplia o restrictiva-, sino que debía interpretarse si se hallaban reunidos $US requisitos legales y constitucionales, sin que bastara en ese análisis «la mera posibilidad de encontrarse en juego garantías constitucionales». Tras esa comprensión, la cámara concluyó -sin más- que la acción de amparo había sido bien rechazada en el caso por la sentencia de primera instancia.
2°) Que contra esa decisión el actor interpuso recurso extraordinario, que fue parcialmente concedido y, denegado en cuanto a la tacha de arbitrariedad invocada, rechazo que motivó la promoción del recurso de hecho que corre conjuntamente. Invoca como cuestión federal la doctrina de este Tribunal en materia de sentencias arbitrarias por apartamiento del derecho vigente y por omitir valorar las circunstancias de la causa, de las que resulta -a su juicio- tanto la endeble condición económica y social que afecta a su grupo familiar, como la necesidad de preservar el interés superior de los niños. Señala, a su vez, que someter la sustanciación del litigio a un procedimiento ordinario -administrativo o judicial- importaría un inexorable agraviamiento de la situación que padecen, con directa afectación de las garantías constitucionales que invocan.
3°) Que el remedio federal resulta admisible pues, si bien cuestiones como la analizada en el sub lite resultan ajenas a la instancia del art. 14 de la ley 48 por tratarse de decisiones que -al rechazar la vía del amparo y dejar subsistente el acceso a la revisión judicial a través de la instancia ordinaria- carecen del carácter de definitivas, cabe hacer excepción a dicha regla cuando lo resuelto ocasiona un agravio de imposible o muy dificultosa reparación ulterior (Fallos: 315: 1361; 320:1789; 322:3008; 326:3180 y 335:361) o lo resuelto conduce, sin fundamentos suficientes, a la frustración de una vía apta para el reconocimiento de los derechos invocados, con la consecuente violación del derecho de defensa en juicio y de la garantía del debido proceso en los que se apoya el recurrente (Fallos: 326:3316; 329:2179; 330:4647 y 5201).
4°) Que tal situación es la que se verifica en el sub pues constituye un exceso de rigor formal concluir, como lo hizo la cámara interviniente, que correspondía cancelar la vía intentada por el peticionario en el marco de un conflicto urgente, sin brindar motivos mínimamente razonados que resulten constitucionalmente suficientes para sostener una decisión judicial de esa especie. En efecto, para confirmar la decisión apelada y tras reconocer la raigambre constitucional de la instancia promovida, la alzada se limitó a exponer una formulación genérica sobre los caracteres que debía reunir el proceso de amparo, sin consideración alguna de las circunstancias del caso y omitiendo toda ponderación con respecto a si la cuestión ventilada en el sub lite -a la luz, aun, de los estándares rigurosos que señala- era susceptible de encausarse por la vía del amparo.
El salto lógico desde la premisa hacia la conclusión es notorio y priva de validez racional a la construcción argumentativa que intenta la sentencia.
5°) Que con ese modo de decidir -además- la cámara desconoció consolidados criterios hermenéuticos seguidos por el Tribunal en esta clase de asuntos. En ese marco, es pertinente recordar que esta Corte ha estimado que, si bien la acción de amparo no está destinada a reemplazar los medios ordinarios para la solución de controversias, su exclusión por la existencia de otros recursos no puede fundarse en una apreciación meramente ritual, toda vez que la institución tiene por objeto una efectiva protección de derechos más que una ordenación o resguardo de las competencias (Fallos: 311:208; 320:1339; 325:1744; 327:2920 y 2955 Y 330:1635 y 5201).
En relación con ello, el Tribunal ha sostenido también que, dada la índólé peculiar de ciertas pretensiones, compete a los jueces la búsqueda de soluciones que se avengan a éstas, para lo cual deben encauzar los trámites por vías expeditivas, a fin de evitar que la incorrecta utilización de las formas, pueda conducir a la frustración de derechos tutelados constitucionalmente (Fallos: 327:2127; 329:2179; 330:4647; 332:1394 y 1616).
6°) Que, en las condiciones expresadas, el excesivo
rigorismo formal en que incurrió la alzada afecta de modo directo e inmediato la garantía constitucional de defensa en juicio que asiste al demandante (ley 48, arto 15), defecto que justifica la invalidación del pronunciamiento a fin de que la pretensión de éste sea nuevamente considerada y decidida mediante un fallo constitucionalmente sostenible.
Por ello, de conformidad con lo dictaminado por el señor Procurador Fiscal, se hace lugar a la queja, se declara procedente el recurso extraordinario y se deja sin efecto la sentencia apelada. Con costas (art. 68 del Código Procesal Civil y Comercial de la Nación). Vuelvan los autos al tribunal de origen a fin de que, por quien corresponda, se dicte un nuevo pronunciamiento con arreglo al presente. Agréguese la queja al principal,
notifíquese.
Recurso extraordinario interpuesto por L.A.l.C., actor, representado por la Dra. Graciela Lidia Stojic (Defensora Pública Ad Hoc ante los Juzgados y Cámara Federal de Apelaciones de Bahia Blanca) .
Traslado contestado por la Dra. Maria Cristina Manghera, Fiscal General Subrogante de la Cámara Federal de Bahia Blanca.
Recurso de hecho interpuesto por L.A.l.C., actor, representado por el Dr. Gabriel D. Jarque (Defensor Público Oficial ante los Juzgados y Cámara Federal de Apelaciones de Bahia Blanca) .
Tribunal de origen: Cámara Federal de Apelaciones de Bahia Blanca, Sala de Feria.
Tribunales intervinientes con anterioridad: Juzgado Federal n° 1 de Bahia Blanca.
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