En una causa por régimen de visitas, la CSJN revocó una sentencia que disponía medidas de revinculalción que habían sido requeridas en la instancia anterior, y sobre las que no había habido pronunciamiento del juez

La Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, en ocasión de fallar en una causa sobre régimen de visitas, revocó la sentencia de la instancia anterior por considerar que resolvía cuestiones ajenas a su competencia. Sobre el particular, el Máximo Tribunal especificó que «la intervención del a quo estaba limitada únicamente a examinar la decisión de grado que difería el tratamiento de las excepciones planteadas para el momento de dictar sentencia. No obstante, dispuso la implementación de medidas concretas de revinculalción, que habían sido requeridas en la instancia anterior y respecto de las cuales no hubo pronunciamiento del juez, ni fueron objeto de agravio en el memorial y su contestación (conf. fs. 25 vta./26, 77/78, 179/181 y 184/186 vta. del expediente principal). De esta manera, la sala resolvió sobre una cuestión que se encontraba fuera de su competencia, excediendo sus límites, por lo que se impone la descalificación de lo resuelto como acto judicial válido (Fallos: 320:1708 y causa CIV 47165/2011/2/RH1 «D., M. D. Y otros c/ O. A., R. A. s/ aumento de cuota alimentaria», fallada el 13 de septiembre de 2016).»

B., M. A. c/R., A. M. F. s/Régimen de Visitas, Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, 27-12-2016.

Fallo completo

Buenos Aires, 27 de Diciembre de 2016.-

Considerando:

1) Que en el juicio sobre régimen de visitas iniciado por la ex pareja de la madre biológica de la menor S.V.R., la Sala B de la Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo civil rechazó la excepción de litispendencia y confirmó la decisión anterior en cuanto había diferido el tratamiento de la excepción de falta de legitimación activa para el momento de dictar la sentencia definitiva.

Admitió, asimismo, la medida cautelar innovativa solicitada por la actora en la audiencia celebrada en esa instancia, a cuyo fin designó un equipo terapéutico del ámbito privado -cuyos costos serían solventados por la demandante en virtud del compromiso asumido-, para evaluar si resultaba aconsejable iniciar el proceso de revinculación con la niña y, en caso afirmativo, darle curso inmediato. Además, previó multas para el caso de incumplimiento de los deberes impuestos a cargo de cada una de las partes.

Contra dicho pronunciamiento, la demandada interpuso el recurso extraordinario que, denegado, dio origen a la presentación directa en examen.

2) Que para así decidir, la alzada ponderó que la infante había nacido en el mes de marzo de 2007, en el marco de una unión de hecho de las partes de varios años de antigüedad, formalizada como «unión civil» el 21 de diciembre de ese año y cuyo cese se había anotado tres años después del nacimiento (conf. fs. 5, 6 Y 7 del expediente principal) .

En virtud de ello, y sin desconocer el objeto inicial de su intervención, el a quo consideró que se encontraban configuradas las condiciones de verosimilitud en el derecho y peligro en la demora requeridas para admitir el derecho de la peticionaria a mantener un régimen comunicacional con la menor. La primera de ellas, atento a la legitimación prevista en los arts. 555 y 556 del Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación; y el peligro en la demora, en función del daño que el paso del tiempo producía sobre el vínculo de la interesada con S. V. R.

3) Que la recurrente sostiene que la medida cautelar adoptada es arbitraria, le ocasiona un agravio irreparable, lesiona sus garantías de defensa en juicio y debido proceso y la priva del derecho a la doble instancia. Manifiesta que el juez de la causa aún no se había pronunciado respecto del pedido de revinculación -análogo al presente efectuado por la contraria en la instancia de origen, por lo que el a qua falló más allá de los límites impuestos por la vía recursiva, adelantando criterio sobre un asunto ajeno a su jurisdicción.

4) Que más allá de que los agravios de la apelante remiten al examen de materias de índole procesal, ajenas, como regla y por su naturaleza, a la instancia del art. 14 de la ley 48, sumado a que, en principio, las resoluciones sobre medidas cautelares, no revisten el carácter de sentencias definitivas en los términos de la norma mencionada, lo cierto es que ello no resulta óbice para invalidar lo resuelto cuando, como en el caso, la cámara ha excedido el límite de su competencia apelada, con menoscabo de las garantías constitucionales invocadas causando un perjuicio de insusceptible reparación ulterior (Fallos: 313:528; 320: 2189, entre otros) .

5) Que en efecto, el régimen de los arts. 271 in fine, y 277 del Código Procesal Civil y Comercial de la Nación, le atribuye al tribunal de segunda instancia la jurisdicción que resulta de los recursos deducidos por ante él, limitación ésta que tiene jerarquía constitucional (Fallos: 313:983; 319:2933; y sus citas, entre otros).

6) Que desde esta perspectiva, la intervención del a quo estaba limitada únicamente a examinar la decisión de grado que difería el tratamiento de las excepciones planteadas para el momento de dictar sentencia. No obstante, dispuso la implementación de medidas concretas de revinculalción, que habían sido requeridas en la instancia anterior y respecto de las cuales no hubo pronunciamiento del juez, ni fueron objeto de agravio en el memorial y su contestación (conf. fs. 25 vta./26, 77/78, 179/181 y 184/186 vta. del expediente principal). De esta manera, la sala resolvió sobre una cuestión que se encontraba fuera de su competencia, excediendo sus límites, por lo que se impone la descalificación de lo resuelto como acto judicial válido (Fallos: 320:1708 y causa CIV 47165/2011/2/RH1 «D., M. D. Y otros c/ O. A., R. A. s/ aumento de cuota alimentaria», fallada el 13 de septiembre de 2016) .

Por ello, con el alcance indicado, se declara procedente la queja, formalmente admisible el recurso extraordinario y se revoca la decisión apelada. Con costas. Vuelvan los autos al tribunal de origen a fin de que por medio de quien corresponda, proceda a dictar un nuevo fallo con arreglo a lo expresado. Agréguese la queja al principal. Notifíquese y devuélvase.

Ricardo L. Lorenzetti – Elena H. de Nolasco – Juan C. Maqueda – Horacio Rosatti – Carlos F. Rosenkrantz

32 comentarios de “En una causa por régimen de visitas, la CSJN revocó una sentencia que disponía medidas de revinculalción que habían sido requeridas en la instancia anterior, y sobre las que no había habido pronunciamiento del juez

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