El TSJ de Córdoba declaró inconstitucional la escala penal para el último eslabón del comercio de estupefacientes, y estableció para estos casos de menor cuantía una sanción en abstracto de tres a diez años de prisión, en concordancia con otras figuras semejantes.
Por mayoría, el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Córdoba (TSJ), en pleno, declaró la inconstitucionalidad de la escala penal prevista para el delito de comercialización de estupefacientes (art. 5 inc. “c” en función del art. 34 inc. 1° ley 23.737 y ley provincial 10.067). De esta manera, el Alto Cuerpo estableció para estos casos una pena en abstracto de tres a 10 años de pena privativa de la libertad, en lugar de la graduación original de cuatro a 15 años de prisión, prevista por el Código Penal, que permanecería para los casos de mayor cuantía.
La decisión fue adoptada en la causa “Loyola, Sergio Alejandro p.s.a. comercialización de estupefacientes, etc. –recurso de inconstitucionalidad-”, con motivo del recurso de inconstitucionalidad presentado por el asesor Letrado del 17° Turno de esta ciudad, Horacio A. Carranza. El imputado Loyola había sido condenado por la Cámara Primera del Crimen de la ciudad de Córdoba a cuatro años de prisión y 225 pesos de multa tras ser declarado autor responsable del delito de comercialización de estupefacientes.
El voto de la mayoría, conformado por los vocales Aída Tarditti, Sebastián Cruz López Peña, Domingo Sesin y María de las Mercedes Blanc de Arabel, se pronuncia en la misma línea de lo que ya venían haciendo algunas cámaras del crimen locales y otros tribunales del país. En ese sentido, se consideró que la decisión del Congreso de la Nación de individualizar esta clase de delitos –supuestos de comercio menor de estupefacientes situados en el último eslabón de la cadena de comercialización– para sustraerlo de la competencia de la Justicia Federal y trasladarlo al ámbito provincial, obedece a que se han considerado de menor gravedad.
Por consiguiente, los magistrados entendieron que la falta de reflejo de dicha circunstancia en una menor escala penal constituyó una “omisión legislativa”, que determina su desproporcionalidad y consiguiente inconstitucionalidad. Máxime cuando esa escala se compara con las graduaciones previstas para otros delitos contra la salud pública -como la venta, suministro, distribución o almacenamiento con fines de comercialización de aguas potables, sustancias alimenticias o medicinales o mercaderías peligrosas para la salud, disimulando su carácter nocivo- que, precisamente, prevén penas en abstracto de entre tres y diez años de encierro (artículo 201 bis del Código Penal).
Asimismo, se destacó que lo decido carece por sí mismo de repercusiones en el dictado de prisiones preventivas, en el marco de la doctrina sentada por la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación en dicha materia.
Por su parte, el voto de la minoría, integrado por los vocales María Marta Cáceres de Bollati, Luis Enrique Rubio y Carlos Francisco García Allocco -también en coincidencia con diversas posturas jurisprudenciales- sostuvo que el traslado a la órbita provincial de los casos de narcomenudeo no implicó un cambio en la valoración de la gravedad del delito; sino que solo obedece a una variación en las políticas de persecución penal para su mayor eficacia en la persecución del último eslabón de la cadena de comercialización.
Asimismo, el voto en minoría insistió en que si bien este tipo delictivo protege la salud pública, las conductas reprimidas por la Ley de Estupefacientes 23737 también extienden su protección a otros bienes jurídicos y, por ello, se las ha caracterizado como delitos pluriofensivos.
Finalmente, los vocales señalaron que tampoco se advierte que la pena concretamente impuesta en el caso resulte manifiestamente desproporcionada con la conducta juzgada o las características personales del imputado.
Causa: “Loyola, Sergio Alejandro p.s.a. comercialización de estupefacientes, etc. –Recurso de Inconstitucionalidad” (Expte. N°1147952).
Fecha: 27 de octubre de 2016.
Fuente: www.justiciacordoba.gob.ar
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