El 11/11/2014 la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación resolvió hacer lugar al recurso extraordinario interpuesto por la actora y dejar sin efecto la sentencia dictada por el Superior Tribunal de Justicia de la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, que hizo lugar al pedido del Fiscal de Estado declarando la caducidad de la instancia.
Para así decidir, el a quo consideró, en primer lugar, que la ampliación de demanda presentada por la interesada (con fecha 8 de noviembre de 2011) no había sido un acto idóneo para interrumpir el curso de la caducidad, porque «el escrito presentado no hace más que trasmitir al Tribunal la situación de progreso en las tratativas de las partes con la finalidad de solucionar de un modo amigable la controversia, pero en modo alguno se tradujo en una alteración o modificación de los términos en los que originariamente se había trabado el conflicto». En segundo lugar, entendió que la nueva prueba instrumental ofrecida por la actora -en particular, el decreto 2381/11- no tenía incidencia alguna en el pleito, pues «los considerandos del citado acto reflejan la expresa salvedad efectuada por la Provincia en orden a que las manifestaciones efectuadas en el mismo no implicaban reconocimiento alguno en el marco del reclamo judicial en trámite».
Antecedentes: La actora es cesionaria del contrato de obra pública firmado el 24 de septiembre de 1996, mediante el cual la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur adjudicó la realización de la primera etapa de la construcción del Puerto Caleta La Misión. La provincia no logró encontrar financiación para la obra licitada y ello llevó a la suspensión y posterior paralización de los trabajos por casi diez años.
Ante estas circunstancias, el 15 de septiembre de 2009, la contratista promovió demanda ante el Superior Tribunal de Tierra del Fuego en los términos de los artículos 34, 53 Y 54 de la Ley de Obras Públicas 13.064 y solicitó la rescisión del contrato por culpa de la provincia, así como el pago de los daños y perjuicios correspondientes.
Con posterioridad, el 8 de noviembre de 2011, la actora denunció la existencia de hechos y documentos nuevos que, según consideró, eran trascendentes para evaluar la procedencia de la pretensión de su parte en el juicio, explicando que ante la paralización de los trabajos y la falta de fondos provinciales para reanudarla, la empresa Servicios Navieros Piedrabuena S.A. Ingeniería Marítima había manifestado SU interés en hacerse cargo del financiamiento y continuación de la obra. Tal había sido el motivo por el cual la provincia había decidido convocar a la actora y a Piedrabuena para tratar de solucionar el conflicto y continuar con la construcción del puerto.
A dichos efectos, suscribieron la Carta de Intención ratificada por decreto 2423/10 y la Carta Compromiso ratificada por decreto 358/11, para luego, en cumplimiento de esta última y con la’ autorización del Poder Ejecutivo provincial (decreto 2381/11), suscribir la actora y Piedrabuena sendos acuerdos de cesión de los derechos y obligaciones derivados del contrato de obra pública, así como de los derechos litigiosos que se encuentran en discusión en este expediente.
Según la actora, en el marco de las negociaciones, la provincia reconoció que no contaba con los recursos necesarios para financiar el emprendimiento. Entendió que ese reconocimiento era trascendente para evaluar la procedencia de la pretensión de su parte en este juicio. Y, por ende, ofreció los acuerdos y decretos mencionados como nueva prueba instrumental.
Fundamentos de la CSJN:
En primer lugar, la Corte recordó que si bien “lo atinente a la caducidad de la instancia remite a cuestiones fácticas y procesales ajenas, como principio, al recurso extraordinario previsto en el artículo 14 de la ley 48. Sin embargo, corresponde apartarse de tal regla cuando el examen de los requisitos para la procedencia de la perención se efectúa con injustificado rigor formal que afecta la garantía de defensa en juicio y el debido proceso”.
Aclarado ello, indicó que en el caso “el a quo ha actuado con excesivo rigor formal y no ha ponderado debidamente los fundados argumentos planteados por la apelante al responder el pedido de caducidad presentado por el Fiscal de Estado”.
Por el contrario, consideró que los elementos aportados por la actora demostraron que la demandada había reconocido diversas cuestiones centrales debatidas en este pleito que debían ponderarse. De ello concluye “sin mayor esfuerzo, que las nuevas circunstancias denunciadas eran relevantes y conducentes para evaluar la procedencia de la pretensión”.
Por otro lado, recordó que “esta interpretación es la que mejor se ajusta al criterio sentado por esta Corte en materia de caducidad de instancia, según el cual se trata de un instituto de interpretación restrictiva, cuya procedencia corresponde descartar en los casos de duda razonable, en los que debe privilegiarse la solución que mantenga con vida el proceso”.
Concluyó recordando que “fue la provincia quien admitió que las obras estaban paralizadas desde el año 1999 por falta de fondos, e invitó a la actora a negociar en forma extrajudicial para intentar solucionar el conflicto y continuar con la construcción del puerto. Durante esas tratativas, la contratista actuó con voluntad conciliadora y aceptó la propuesta de cesión de derechos. Sin embargo, la promesa se frustró nuevamente, no por culpa de la actora, sino porque la provincia, una vez más, no consiguió los fondos para financiar la obra”.
En relación a la actuación desplegada en la causa por el fiscal, señaló que “En este contexto, que el Fiscal de Estado solicite la caducidad de la instancia y oponga la defensa de prescripción de la acción, resulta un inadmisible artificio tendiente a impedir un pronunciamiento sobre el fondo del pleito (Fallos: 313:1156; 319:1616; 329:1391; 335:1709)y, por ende, una conducta contraria al principio de buena fe que informa y fundamenta todo nuestro ordenamiento jurídico y debe regir la conducta de los entes estatales”.
Concluye por todo lo expuesto que “el pronunciamiento impugnado ha incurrido en un exceso ritual que lo descalifica como acto judicial válido, con grave afectación de las garantías de defensa en juicio y del debido proceso, por lo que corresponde dejarlo sin efecto.”
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